"Journal, Article","Author, Analytic","---","---","Article Title","Medium Designator","Connective Phrase","---","---","Journal Title","---","Translated Title","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","Date of Publication","---","Volume Identification","---","Issue Identification","Page(s)","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","Language","Connective Phrase","Availability","---","---","ISSN","---","Notes","Abstract","Call Number","Keywords" "Book, Whole","---","---","---","---","---","---","Author, Monographic","Author Role, Monographic","Title, Monographic","---","Translated Title","---","---","---","Edition","Author, Subsidiary","Author Role, Subsidiary","Place of Publication","Publisher Name","Date of Publication","Original Publication Date","Volume Identification","---","---","---","Extent of Work","Packaging Method","---","---","Series Editor","Series Editor Role","Series Title","Series Volume ID","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","ISBN","Notes","Abstract","Call Number","Keywords" "Monograph","---","---","---","---","---","---","Author, Monographic","Author Role, Monographic","Title, Monographic","---","---","---","---","---","Edition","---","---","Place of Publication","Publisher Name","Date of Publication","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","ISBN","Notes","Abstract","Call Number","Keywords" "Patent","Inventor","---","Address","Patent Title","---","---","Assignee","---","Title, Short Form","---","Title, Long Form","Abstract Journal Date","Country","Document Type","Patent Number","---","---","Abstract Journal Title","---","Date of Patent Issue","Application No./Date","Abstract Journal Volume","---","Abstract Journal Issue","Abstract Journal Page(s)","Extent of Work","Packaging Method","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","Language","Connective Phrase","Availability","---","Class Code, National","Class Code, International","Related Document No.","Notes","Abstract","Registry Number","Keywords" "Data File","---","---","---","Title, Analytic","Medium (Data File)","Connective Phrase","Editor/Compiler","Editor/Compiler Role","Title, Monographic","---","---","---","---","---","Version","---","---","Place of Publication","Publisher Name","Date of Publication","---","---","---","---","Location in Work","Extent of Work","Packaging Method","---","---","---","---","Series Title","Series Volume ID","---","---","Connective Phrase","Availability","---","---","---","---","Notes","Abstract","Call Number","Keywords" "Computer Program","---","---","---","Program Title","Computer Program","Connective Phrase","Author/Programmer","Author Role, Monographic","---","---","Title","---","---","---","Version","---","---","Place of Publication","Publisher Name","Date of Publication","Date of Copyright","---","Report Identification","---","---","Extent of Work","Packaging Method","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","Connective Phrase","Availability","---","---","---","ISBN","Notes","Abstract","Call Number","Keywords" "Art Work","Artist","Artist Role","---","Title/Subject","Medium","Connective Phrase","Author, Monographic","Author Role, Monographic","Title, Monographic","---","---","---","---","---","Edition","---","---","Place of Publication","Publisher Name","Date of Publication","---","---","---","---","Location in Work","---","---","Size","---","---","---","Series Title","---","---","---","Connective Phrase","Availability","---","---","---","---","Notes","Abstract","Call Number","Keywords" "Video Recording","Author, Analytic","---","---","Title, Analytic","Medium Designator","---","Producer","Producer Role","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","Director","Director Role","Place of Publication","Distributor","Date of Publication","---","---","---","---","---","Extent of Work","Packaging Method","Size","---","---","---","Series Title","---","---","---","Connective Phrase","Availability","---","---","---","ISBN","Notes","Abstract","Call Number","Keywords" "Audiovisual Material","Author, Analytic","Author Role, Analytic","---","Title, Analytic","Medium Designator","Connective Phrase","Author, Monographic","Author Role, Monographic","Title, Monographic","---","---","---","---","---","Edition","Author, Subsidiary","Author Role, Subsidiary","Place of Publication","Publisher Name","Date of Publication","---","Volume Identification","---","---","Location in Work","Extent of Work","Packaging Method","Size","---","Series Editor","Series Editor Role","Series Title","Series Volume ID","Series Issue ID","---","Connective Phrase","Availability","---","---","---","ISBN","Notes","Abstract","Call Number","Keywords" "Motion Picture","---","---","---","Title, Analytic","Medium Designator","---","Producer","Producer Role","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","Director","Director Role","Place of Publication","Distributor","Date of Publication","---","---","---","---","---","Timing","Packaging Method","Size","---","---","---","Series Title","---","---","---","Connective Phrase","Availability","---","---","---","ISBN","Notes","Abstract","Call Number","Keywords" "Sound Recording","Composer","Composer Role","---","Title, Analytic","Medium Designator","Connective Phrase","Editor/Compiler","Editor/Compiler Role","Recording Title","---","---","---","---","---","Edition","Performer","Performer Role","Place of Publication","Publisher Name","Date of Publication","Date of Copyright","Acquisition Number","Matrix Number","---","---","Extent of Work","Packaging Method","Size","Reproduction Ratio","---","---","Series Title","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","ISBN","Notes","Abstract","Call Number","Keywords" "Music Score","Composer","Composer Role","---","Title, Analytic","Medium Designator","Connective Phrase","Editor/Compiler","Editor/Compiler Role","Title, Monographic","---","---","---","---","Medium Designator","Edition","Author, Subsidiary","Author Role, Subsidiary","Place of Publication","Publisher Name","Date of Publication","Copyright Date","Volume Identification","Report Identification","Plate Number","Location in Work","Extent of Work","Packaging Method","---","---","Series Editor","Series Editor Role","Series Title","Series Volume ID","Series Issue ID","---","Connective Phrase","Availability","---","---","---","ISBN","Notes","Abstract","Call Number","Keywords" "Map","---","---","---","Map Title","Map Type","---","Cartographer","Cartographer Role","---","---","---","---","Area","Medium Designator","Edition","---","---","Place of Publication","Publisher Name","Date of Publication","Date of Copyright","---","---","---","---","Extent of Work","Packaging Method","Size","Scale","---","---","Series Title","Series Volume ID","Series Issue ID","---","Connective Phrase","Availability","Storage Location","---","---","---","Notes","Abstract","Call Number","Keywords" "Conference Proceedings","Author, Analytic","Author Role, Analytic","Author Affiliation, Ana.","Paper/Section Title","Medium Designator","Connective Phrase","Editor/Compiler","Editor/Compiler Role","Proceedings Title","---","---","Date of Meeting","Place of Meeting","---","---","---","---","Place of Publication","Publisher Name","Date of Publication","Date of Copyright","Volume Identification","---","---","Location in Work","Extent of Work","Packaging Method","---","---","Series Editor","Series Editor Role","Series Title","Series Volume ID","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","ISBN","Notes","Abstract","Call Number","Keywords" "Manuscript","Author, Analytic","Author Role, Analytic","---","Title, Analytic","Medium Designator","Connective Phrase","---","---","Collection Title","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","Date of Publication","---","---","---","---","Location in Work","Extent of Work","Packaging Method","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","Document Type","Connective Phrase","Availability","Storage Location","---","---","---","Notes","Abstract","Call Number","Keywords" "Letter (Correspondence)","Author, Analytic","---","Author Affiliation, Ana.","---","Medium Designator","---","---","---","---","Letter To","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","Place of Publication","---","Date of Letter","---","---","---","---","---","Extent of Letter","Packaging Method","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","Connective Phrase","Availability","Storage Location","---","---","---","Notes","Abstract","Call Number","Keywords" "Trade Catalog","Catalog Author","---","---","Catalog Title","Medium Designator","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","Edition","---","---","Place of Publication","Publisher Name","Date of Publication","---","Catalog Number","---","Issue Identification","---","Extent of Work","Packaging Method","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","Connective Phrase","Availability","---","---","---","---","Notes","Abstract","Call Number","Keywords" "Dissertation","Author, Analytic","---","---","Title, Analytic","Medium Designator","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","Place of Publication","University","Date of Publication","Date of Copyright","---","---","---","---","Extent of Work","Packaging Method","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","Connective Phrase","Availability","---","---","---","---","Notes","Abstract","Call Number","Keywords" "Newspaper","Author, Analytic","Author Role, Analytic","---","Article Title","Medium Designator","Connective Phrase","---","---","---","---","Newspaper Name","---","---","---","---","---","---","Place of Publication","---","Date of Publication","---","Section","---","Column Number","Page(s)","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","Notes","Abstract","Call Number","Keywords" "Report","Author, Analytic","Author Role, Analytic","Author Affiliation, Ana.","Section Title","Medium Designator","Connective Phrase","Author, Monographic","Author Role, Monographic","Report Title","---","---","---","---","---","Edition","Author, Subsidiary","Author Role, Subsidiary","Place of Publication","Publisher Name","Date of Publication","---","---","Report Identification","---","---","Extent of Work","Packaging Method","---","---","---","---","Series Title","Series Volume ID","Series Issue ID","---","Connective Phrase","Availability","---","CODEN","---","---","Notes","Abstract","Call Number","Keywords" "Journal, Short Form","Author, Analytic","---","---","Article Title","---","---","---","---","Journal Title","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","Date of Publication","---","Volume Identification","---","Issue Identification","Page(s)","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","Availability","---","---","ISSN","---","Notes","Abstract","Call Number","Keywords" "Book, Long Form","Author, Analytic","Author Role, Analytic","---","Title, Analytic","Medium Designator","Connective Phrase","Author, Monographic","Author Role, Monographic","Title, Monographic","---","---","---","---","---","Edition","Author, Subsidiary","Author Role, Subsidiary","Place of Publication","Publisher Name","Date of Publication","Date of Copyright","Volume Identification","---","Issue Identification","Page(s)","Extent of Work","Packaging Method","---","---","Series Editor","Series Editor Role","Series Title","Series Volume ID","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","ISBN","Notes","Abstract","Call Number","Keywords" "Book, Short Form","---","---","---","---","---","---","Author, Monographic","---","Title, Monographic","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","Place of Publication","Publisher Name","Date of Publication","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","ISBN","Notes","Abstract","Call Number","Keywords" "Journal, Whole","---","---","---","---","---","---","Editor","---","Journal Title","---","---","---","---","Medium Designator","Edition","---","---","Place of Publication","Publisher Name","Date of Publication","---","Volume Identification","---","Issue Identification","---","Extent of Work","Packaging Method","---","Frequency of Publication","---","---","---","---","---","---","Connective Phrase","Availability","---","CODEN","ISSN","---","Notes","Abstract","Call Number","Keywords" "Journal, Long Form","Author, Analytic","Author Role, Analytic","Author Affiliation, Ana.","Article Title","Medium Designator","Connective Phrase","Author, Monographic","Author Role, Monographic","Journal Title","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","Date of Publication","---","Volume Identification","---","Issue Identification","Page(s)","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","Availability","---","CODEN","ISSN","---","Notes","Abstract","Call Number","Keywords" "Book, Chapter","Author, Analytic","---","---","Title, Analytic","Medium Designator","Connective Phrase","Author, Monographic","Author Role, Monographic","Title, Monographic","---","---","---","---","---","Edition","---","---","Place of Publication","Publisher Name","Date of Publication","---","Volume Identification","---","Issue Identification","Page(s)","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","Connective Phrase","Availability","---","---","---","---","Notes","Abstract","Call Number","Keywords" "Fish Base 1.2","---","Author","---","Article Title","---","---","---","---","Source","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","Year of Publication","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","Availability","---","---","---","ISBN Nr.","Notes","Abstract","Call Number","Keywords" "Untitled 2","Author (Ana.)","---","---","Title (Ana.)","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","Date of Publication","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","Availability","---","---","---","---","---","Abstract","---","Index Terms" "Untitled 1","Author (Ana.)","---","---","Title (Ana.)","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","Date of Publication","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","Availability","---","---","---","---","---","Abstract","---","Index Terms" "artbruno","Author (Ana.)","---","---","Article Title","---","---","---","---","Journal Title","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","Date of Publication","---","volume I.D.:page-pag","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","---","Availability","---","---","---","---","Notes","Abstract","artikelnummer bruno","Index Terms" "D","446230","Grasso, D.//Wenseleers, T.//Mori, A.//Le Moli, F.//Billen, J.","","","Thelytokous worker reproduction and lack of Wolbachia infection in the harvesting ant Messor capitatus","","","","","Physiological Entomology","","","","","","","","","","","1999","","submitted","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","" "D","27430","Baroni Urbani, C.//Boyan, G.S.//Blarer, A.//Billen, J.//Musthak Ali, T.M.","","","A novel mechanism for jumping in the Indian ant Harpegnathos saltator (Jerdon) (Formicidae, Ponerinae)","","","","","Experientia","","","","","","","","","","","1994","","50","","1","63-71","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","jumping ability/locomotion/animal behavior/evolution/" "D","446240","Wenseleers, T.//Billen, J.","","","No evidence for Wolbachia-induced parthenogenesis in the social Hymenoptera","","","","","J. Evol. Biol.","","","","","","","","","","","1999","","submitted","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","" "D","40190","Billen J.//Beeckman W.//Morgan E.D.","","","Active trail pheromone compounds and trail following in the ant Atta sexdens sexdens (Hymenoptera Formicida","","","","","Ethology, Ecology and Evolution","","","","","","","","","","","1992","","4:197-202","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","When medium workers of the leaf-cutting ant Atta sexdens sexdens are presented with the compounds 3-ethyl-2,5-dimethylpyrazine and methyl 4-methylpyrrole-2-carboxylate in various proportions in a trail-following bioassay, they show the highest performance for the 14:1 mixture over other mixtures or the pure compounds. This preferential mixture corresponds with the proprtion of both compounds described for the venom gland, which is the source of the natural trail pheromone in these leaf-cutting ants.","","Atta sexdens/ant/trail pheromone/3-ethyl-2/5-dimethylpyrazine/methyl 4-methylpyrrole-2-carboxylate" "A","39850","Billen, J.P.J.","","","Morphology and ultrastructure of the exocrine glands in social Hymenoptera","","","","","","","","","","","","Eder, J.//Rembold, H.","","München","Peperny","1987","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","ant/Formicidae/Exocrine system/" "D","39930","Billen, J.P.J.","","","Phylogenetic aspects of exocrine gland development in the Formicidae","","","","","Proceedings of the11th international congress IUSSI Bangalore, India. p. 317-318.","","","","","","","","","","","1990","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","ant/" "Journal, Article","4690","Schoeters, E.//Billen, J.","","","Anatomy and fine structure of the metapleural gland in Atta (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)","","","","","Belg. J. Zool. ","","","","","","","","","","","1993","","123","","1","67-75","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Metapleural gland/Atta/leafcutter ants/antibiotic/morphology/ultrastructure" "D","5170","Ali, M.F.//Attygalle, A.B.//Morgan, E.D.//Billen, J.P.J.","","","The Dufour gland substances of the workers of Formica fusca and Formica lemani (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)","","","","","Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B","","","","","","","","","","","1987","","88B","","","59 - 63","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","1. The Dufour gland secretion of Formica fusca consist mainly of saturated straight and branched chain hydrocarbons (C9-C19), one unsaturated hydrocarbon (C13) and two sesquiterpenoids, farnesene and homofarnesene. 2. In F. lemani the Dufour gland contains branched, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons (C9-C19) and two farnesenes. 3. The two species were distinguished chiefly by the presence of a relatively large proportion of farnesene i F. fusca with very little homofarnesene and, by contrast, little farnesene but much more homofarnesene in F. lemani. 4. The contents of the Dufour gland can be used as a chemotaxonomic cue to distinguish between the species.","","ant/Belgium/British Isles/Formica fusca/Formica lemani/Chromatographic studies/Biochemistry/Composition/Exocrine system/" "D","5110","Ali, M.F.//Attygalle, A.B.//Billen, J.P.J.//Jackson, B.D.//Morgan, E.D.","","","Change of Dufour gland contents with age of workers of Formica sanguinea (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)","","","","","Physiol. Entomol.","","","","","","","","","","","1988","","13","","","249 - 255","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","The Dufour glands of newly emerged adult workers of F. sanguinea Latr. are almost empty, but the gland fills slowly over several months. The amount and compositionm of the secretion varies between individuals but the mean values change with age, the composition reaching its final value only in old foraging workers. Undecane is the major component for most of the period, but its proportion decreases with age. The amount of (Z.E)- alpha-farnesene increases with age and finally becomes the major component. The cahnge in composition may reflect changes in worker function.","","ant/Netherlands/Formica sanguinea/Exocrine system/Biochemistry/Composition/Physiological development/formica/accessory glands/secretions/undecane/farnesene/" "D","5150","Ali, M.F.//Attygalle, A.B.//Billen, J.P.J.//Morgan, E.D.","","","Contents of Dufour glands in some formicine ants: Queens and workers of Camponotus aethiops and a re-examination of Lasius fuliginosus","","","","","Entomol. Exp. Appl.","","","","","","","","","","","1988","","46","","","109 - 115","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","The Dufour gland secretions of both virgin queens and workers of Camponotus aethiops are similar and consist of straight chain hydrocarbons ranging from C10-C15 with C11 the major compound. The difference between the two castes is that C15 appears onla as a trace in queens, and the total amount of secretions is smaller in queens than in workers. In Lasius fuliginosus, the Dufour gland secretion contains a series of straight chain hydrocarbons (C10 - C17) with undecane the major compound, and a series of 2-alkanones ranging from C13 to C19.","","Formicidae/France/Corsica/Netherlands/Lasius fuliginosus/Camponotus aethiops/Exocrine system/Biochemistry/Composition/alkaline venom gland/caste determination/hydrocarbons/secretions/alkanones/" "D","5190","Ali, M.F.//Billen, J.P.J.//Jackson, B.D.//Morgan, E.D.","","","Secretion of the Dufour glands of two African desert ants, Camponotus aegyptiacus and Cataglyphis savignyi (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)","","","","","Biochem. Syst. Ecol.","","","","","","","","","","","1988","","16 or 7","","","647 - 654","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Dufour glands of minor workers of Camponotus aegyptiacus contain a mixture of linear and methyl branched hydrocarbons and a trace of dodecyl acetate. Major workers contain a similar mixture of hydrocarbons but also large quantities of dodecyl acetate, some other long chain acetates and propionate and farnesyl acetate. Cataglyphis savignyi has pentadecane as the most abundant compound with traces of ketones, alcohols and aldehyde. Camponotus vagus, a Mediterranean species, has a more typical formicine mixture with undecane being the major compound. A summary of Camponotus Dufour substances demonstrates the specie specificity of this secretion.","","Egypt/Camponotus vagus/Camponotus aegyptiacus/Cataglyphis savignyi/exocrine system/biochemistry/composition/specific structures/secretions/hydrocarbons/alcohols/ketones/africa/" "D","5210","Ali, M.F.//Billen, J.P.J.//Jackson, B.D.//Morgan, E.D.","","","The Dufour gland contents of three species of Euro-African Messor ants and a comparison with those of North American Pogonomyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)","","","","","Biochem. Syst. Ecol.","","","","","","","","","","","1989","","17","","","469-477","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","/pogonomyrmex/species/alkaline venom gland/biochemistry/caste/chemotaxonomy/secretions/" "D","300","do Nascimento R.R.//Schoeters E.//Morgan E.D.//Billen J.//Stradling D.J.","","","Chemistry of metapleural gland secretions of three attine ants, Atta sexdens rubropilosa, Atta cephalotes and Acromyrmex octospinosus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).","","","","","Journal of Chemical Ecology","","","","","","","","","","","1996","","22","","5","987-1000","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","phenylacetic acid/antibiotic/fungicide/" "D","199930","Jackson, B.D.//Billen, J.P.J.//Morgan, E.D.","","","Dufour gland contents of three species of Myrmecia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), primitive ants of Australia","","","","","J. Chem. Ecol.","","","","","","","","","","","1989","","15","","","2191-2205","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","chemotaxonomy/secretions/hydrocarbons/australia/myrmecia gulosa/myrmecia pilosula/myrmecia nigreceps/" "D","200110","Jackson, B.D.//Morgan, E.D.//Billen, J.P.J.","","","Contents of the pygidial gland of the ant Myrmecia nigriceps","","","","","Naturwissenschaften","","","","","","","","","","","1990","","77","","","187-188","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Formicidae/" "D","213990","Keegans, S.J.//Billen, J.//Morgan, E.D.","","","Volatile secretions of the green tree ant Oecophylla smaragdina (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)","","","","","Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B","","","","","","","","","","","1991","","100","","","681-685","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","1. A comparison of the volatile exocrine secretions of Oecophylla smaragdina with published results on O. longinoda shows the two species are very similar 2. The contents of Dufour glands of both major and minor workers are closely similar, with undecane the major substance in both castes of both species. 3. The mandibular glands were distinctly different, both between major and minor workers of O. smaragdina and between major workers of the two species. Major workers' mandibular glands contain chiefly hexyl hexanoate, 3-decanone and octyl hexanoate while minor workers contain nerol and 1-nonanol. 4. Males' mandibular glands contain chiefly 3-dodecanone, 3-decanone and 3-decanol, which is very different from the mixture of carboxylic acids in the heads of males of O. longinoda.","","oecophylla smaragdina/oecophylla longinoda/mandibular glands/glands animal/secretions/volatile compounds/chemical composition/" "D","20030","Attygalle, A.B.//Billen, J.P.J.//Morgan, E.D.","","","The postpharyngeal gland of workers of Solenopsis geminata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)","","","","","Actes Coll. Insectes Soc., Compte Rendu Colloque Annuel, Diepenbeek, 1984","","","","","","","","","","","1985","","2","","","75 - 86","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","The postpharyngeal gland of Solenopsis geminata workers consists of four hypertrophied lobes which completely fill the upper part of the head cavity. The gland is lined with a monolayered epithelium, showing numerous basal invaginations and a distinct microvillar border at its apical side. It contains a hydrocarbon oil of complex composition but heneicosane, tricosane and tricosene (linear C21 and C23 hydrocarbons) are the major constituents. These same subtances are found in different proportions, in the Dufour gland. No explanation for the enlarged gland in this species has been discovered.","","ant/Sri Lanka/Solenopsis geminata/Biochemistry/Composition/Exocrine system/" "D","20010","Attygalle, A.B.//Billen, J.P.J.//Jackson, B.D.//Morgan, E.D.","","","Morphology and chemical contents of Dufour glands of Pseudomyrmex ants (Hymenoptera:Formicidae)","","","","","Z. Naturforsch.","","","","","","","","","","","1990","","45 c","","","691-697","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","epithelium/alkanes/isopropyl esters" "D","446160","Billen, J.//Schoeters, E.","","","Morphology and ultrastructure of the mandibular gland in Formica L. ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)","","","","","Memorabilia Zool.","","","","","","","","","","","1994","","48","","","9-16","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","" "A","39730","Billen, J.P.J.","","","Rôle de la glande de Dufour en fonction de la stratification chez Formica sanguinea Latreille (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)","","","","","","","","","","","","Haro, A.de//Espadaler, X.","","Bellaterra (Barcelona)","Univ. Autónoma Barcelona","1982","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","The raids of the slave-making ant Formica sanguinea mainly involve old foraging workers as they are more aggressive than their nestmates inside the nest. During the attack of slave nests, the Dufour gland alarm pheromones are supposed to bring about a chemical disarming of the slave species. Chemical analyses, however, did not reveal any differences neither between foragers and inside workers, nor in relation with the workers' age. The absence of any chemical difference, on the other hand, probably is due to the existence of an 'alarm-defense system', in which aggressive behaviour merely represents the answer to a corresponding chemical concentration. Thus assuming that the same compounds elicit a different behaviour according to their concentration, the most important condition probably is the existence of a precisely working closing apparatus for regulating the subtle discharging activity of the glands involved.","","ant/Netherlands/Formica sanguinea/Exocrine system/Polyethism/Aggression/Social parasites/" "D","40130","Billen, J.P.J.//van Boven, J.K.A.//Evershed, R.P.//Morgan, E.D.","","","The chemical composition of the Dufour gland contents of workers of the ant Formica cunicularia a test for recognition of the species","","","","","Annls. soc. r. zool. Belg.","","","","","","","","","","","1983","","113","","","283 - 289","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","The Dufour glands of workers of Formica cunicularia contain, on average, 8.4 æg of a relatively simple mixture of linear hydrocarbons. n- Undecane (6.7 æg, 80% of total) is the dominant component. None of the oxygenated compounds observed in a number of other Formicinae were detected in this species. F. cunicularia Latreille and F. rufibarbis Fabricius, two taxonomically very similar species can be distinguished very easily by the chemical differences in their Dufour gland compounds.","","Formicidae/The Netherlands/Formica cunicularia/Formica rufibarbis/Pheromones/Communication/Specific structuers/Biochemistry/Carbohydrates/Chromatographic studies/" "D","446220","Billen, J.P.J.//Evershed, R.P.//Morgan, E.D.","","","Morphological comparison of Dufour glands in workers of Acromyrmex octospinosus and Myrmica rubra","","","","","Entomol. exp. appl.","","","","","","","","","","","1984","","35","","","205-207","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","" "D","40330","Billen, J.//Peusens, G.","","","Ultrastructure de la glande propharyngienne chez les fourmis formicines (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)","","","","","Actes Coll. Ins. Soc.","","","","","","","","","","","1984","","1","","","121 - 129","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","The propharyngeal gland of ants consists of two clusters of numerous secretory cells that open into one of the two lateral pouches of the pharynx by means of individual excretory ducts. The glandular cells are characterized by a very well developed rough endoplasmic reticulum and polymorphic nucleus. Other organelles such as mitochondria are much less abundant. Each cell is supplied with elaborated microvillar area. Upon leaving the cell the intracellular ductule continues as an excretory duct forming part of the duct cell, and which eventually opens near the anterolateral edge of the pharyngeal plate. According to the well developed endoplasmic reticulum, the propharyngeal gland in ants is supposed to be the source of a proteinaceus secretion. Its structural relationship to the pharynx and its occurrence in the three ant castes may point to a function in individual digestion.","","ant/Camponotus aethiops/Camponotus lateralis/Cataglyphis nodus/Formica cunicularia/Formica fusca/Formica pratensis/Formica sanguinea/Lasius flavus nearcticus/Lasius fuliginosus/Plagiolepis pygmaea/Exocrine system/Ultrastructure/" "D","40170","Billen, J.P.//Kerkhofs, H.L.P.","","","Ultrastructure of the ovarioles in Formica ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)","","","","","Mitt. dtsch. Ges. allg. angew. Ent.","","","","","","","","","","","1985","","4","","","332 - 334","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","The ultrastructure of the ovarioles has been studied in 4 species of Formica ants. The evolution of undifferentiated cells in the germarium into groups containing an oocyte and its accompanying nurse cells and follicle cells is reported as well as the morphological changes of these different cell types during vitellogenesis. The degenerated stage of worker ovarioles and the appearance of yellow bodies is also described.","","The Netherlands/Formica cunicularia/Formica fusca/Formica pratensis/Formica sanguinea/Reproductive systems/Female/Oogenesis/" "D","40030","Billen, J.P.J.//Evershed, R.P.//Attygalle, A.B.//Morgan, E.D.//Ollett, D.G.","","","Contents of Dufour glands of workers of three species of Tetramorium (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)","","","","","J. Chem. Ecol.","","","","","","","","","","","1986","","12","","","669 - 685","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","The Dufour glands of worker ants of Tetramorium caespitum, and the morphologically similar T. impurum are filled with similar, but species- specific mixtures of linear hydrocarbons and three homologous sesquiterpene componds. Glands of workers of T. caespitum contain, on average, 70 ng of oil containing C13 to C17 linear hydrocarbons with n- pentadecane (64%) and a mixture of pentadecenes (14%) as major components. T. impurum glands are smaller and contain an average of 40 ng of the same mixture but with n-pentadecane (49%) and a sesquiterpenoid compound (19%) the major components. Two isomeric pentadecenes, (Z)-6-pentadecene and (Z)-7-pentadecene are present in both species. T. semilaeve workers contain on average only 30 ng of a simple mixture of hydrocarbons with pentadecane contributing more than 90% of the total.","","ant/Belgium/France/British Isles/Tetramorium caespitum/Tetramorium impurum/Tetramorium semilaeve/Biochemistry/Composition/Exocrine system/" "D","39990","Billen, J.P.J.//Attygalle, A.B.//Morgan, E.D.//Ollett, D.G.","","","Gas chromatography without solvents: pheromone studies: the Dufour gland of the ant Pogonomyrmex occidentalis","","","","","Internat. Analyst","","","","","","","","","","","1987","","1","","","3 - 6","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Formicidae/Colorado/Pogonomyrmex occidentalis/Chromatographic studies/Exocrine system/Biochemistry/Composition/Techniques/Miscellaneous/" "D","40110","Billen, J.P.J.//van Boven, J.K.A.","","","The metapleural gland in Old World army ants: a morphological and ultrastructural description (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)","","","","","Rev. Zool. afr.","","","","","","","","","","","1987","","101","","","31 - 41","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","The paired metapleural glands of ants are located in the posterior part of the metathorax. Each gland consists of a cluster of secretory cells, that open into a sac-like atrium by means of individual duct cells. In the African Dorylinae 40 to 50 secretory cells occur. Their cytoplasm is characterized by a very well developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum and numerous mitochondria. An intracellular end apparatus carries the secretion into the duct cells, that eventually open through the anterior part of the heavily sclerotized atrium. The atrium in turn communicates with the outside through a wide slit-like lateral opening situated above the hindleg coxa. Due to the rigidity of the atrial wall and the very wide opening to the outside, secretion freely flows out of the gland. Continuous release of secretion is in agreement with its antiseptic properties, that protect the ants and their nests against microorganisms.","","/Ruanda/Zaire/Dorylus affinis/Dorylus politus/Rhogmus/Typhlopone/Dorylus emeryi/Dorylus kohli/Dorylus molestus/Dorylus nigricans/Dorylus wilverthi/Exocrine system/Ultrastructure/Histology/" "D","40070","Billen, J.P.J.//Jackson, B.D.//Morgan, E.D.","","","The contents of the pygidial gland of the primitive ant Nothomyrmecia macrops (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)","","","","","Experientia","","","","","","","","","","","1988","","44","","","794 - 797","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","The principal constituent of the pygidial gland of Nothomyrmecia macrops is 3,7-dimethyloct-6-en-2-one, a substance not previously identified in insects. Also identified were 2,6-dimethylhept-5-enal, 2- nonanone, indole, g-dodecalactone, and the hydrocarbons pentadecane, heptadecane, heptadecene and heptadecadiene, all in low nanogram quantities.","","Australia/Nothomyrmecia macrops/Biochemistry/Composition/Exocrine system/Chromatographic studies/" "D","40090","Billen, J.P.J.//Jackson, B.D.//Morgan, E.D.","","","Secretion of the Dufour gland of the ant Nothomyrmecia macrops (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)","","","","","Experientia","","","","","","","","","","","1988","","44","","","715 - 719","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","The Dufour gland of the primitive Australian ant Nothomyrmecia macrops contains microgram quantities in total of linear alkanes and alkenes from C13 to C30 with heptadecene the major component (66%). In all, 50 substances, including methyl-branched hydrocarbons, aldehydes and acetates, a-farnesene and a-springene in low nanogram amounts, were identified by gas chromatography- mass spectrometry.","","Australia/Nothomyrmecia macrops/Chromatographic studies/Biochemistry/Composition/Exocrine system/" "D","39890","Billen, J.P.J.","","","Morphology of the cloacal gland in the ant Cataglyphis savignyi","","","","","Actes Coll. Insectes Sociaux","","","","","","","","","","","1989","","5","","","301-306","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Formicidae/Formicidae/Glande exocrine/morphologie/cloacal gland/Cataglyphis savignyi" "D","39910","Billen, J.P.J.","","","Morphology and ultrastructure of the Dufour's and venom gland in the ant Myrmecia gulosa (Fabr.) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)","","","","","Aust. J. Zool.","","","","","","","","","","","1990","","38","","","305-315","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Myrmecia gulosa/workers/venom glands/body measurements/morphology/ultrastructure/australia/" "D","39950","Billen, J.P.J.","","","The sting bulb gland in Myrmecia and Nothomyrmecia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): a new exocrine gland in ants","","","","","Int. J. Insect Morphol. & Embryol.","","","","","","","","","","","1990","","19","","","133-139","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","/sting apparatus/glands animal/morphology/ultrastructure/phylogeny/australia/" "D","40350","Billen, J.//Taylor, R.W.","","","Notes on the aberrant venom gland morphology of some australian Dolichoderine and Myrmicine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)","","","","","Belg. J. Zool.","","","","","","","","","","","1993","","123","","","159-163","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","" "D","39670","Billen, J.","","","Morphology of the exocrine system in ants","","","","","Proc Coll Soc Ins","","","","","","","","","","","1993","","2","","","1-15","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","The exocrine system of the Formicidae comprises a variety of 38 different glands, that can be classified into 5 major morphological types according to their cellular organization, the presence or absence of a reservoir, and their relationship to the tegumental cuticle. This contribution reports on the recent discovery of a number of hitherto unknown glands, and gives a morphological description of the 10 glands that represent the common exocrine apparatus of ants.","","morphology/ultrastructure/exocrine glands/Formicidae" "D","214030","Keegans, S.J.//Billen, J.//Morgan, E.D.//Gokcen, O.A.","","","Volatile glandular secretions of three species of New World army ants, Eciton burchelli, Labidus coecus, and Labidus praedator","","","","","J. Chem. Ecol.","","","","","","","","","","","1993","","19","","11","2705-2719","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","The Dufour glands of workers of Eciton burchelli contain a mixture of small quantities of oxygenated compounds, some of which are derived from terpenes, and Cl7-C25 hydrocarbons. The secretion of the Dufour glands of soldiers was either similar to that of workers, with geranylacetone a significant component, or they contained geranyllinalool in large amounts. The glands of workers and soldiers of Labidus praedator and Labidus coecus contained (E)-beta-ocimene, a new substance for the Dufour glands of ants. 4-Methyl-3-heptanone was the dominant compound in the mandibular glands of E. burchelli and L. coecus. Skatole and indole were found in the gasters of L. praedator, and skatole was present in the venom glands of some soldiers of E. burchelli.","","hymenoptera/formicidae/social insects/dufour's gland/mandibular glands/venom glands/glands/cuticle/abdomen/ecitoninae/postpharyngeal glands/" "D","214130","Keegans, S.J.//Morgan, E.D.//Turillazzi, S.//Jackson, B.D.//Billen, J.","","","The Dufour gland and the secretion placed on eggs of two species of social wasps, Liostenogaster flavolineata and Parischnogaster jacobsoni (Vespidae: Stenogastrinae)","","","","","J. Chem. Ecol.","","","","","","","","","","","1993","","19","","2","279-290","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","The secretion placed on eggs and fed to larvae and the ''ant guard'' placed on the nest stalk of Parischnogaster jacobsoni contain the same hydrocarbons and in approximately the same proportions as is found in the Dufour gland. The secretion on eggs is a mixture of the contents of the Dufour gland and nectar. The emulsifying agent is a palmitic acid salt. Similarly, in Liostenogaster flavolineata, the egg secretion is an emulsion of nectar and Dufour gland secretion, which contains alkoxyethanol emulsifiers, found in nature for the first time.","","ant/Formicidae/vespidae/glands animal/secretion/chemical composition/ova/" "D","307850","Peeters, C.//Billen, J.//Hölldobler, B.","","","Alternative dominance mechanisms regulating monogyny in the queenless ant genus Diacamma","","","","","Naturwissenschaften","","","","","","","","","","","1992","","79","","","572-573","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Formicidae/" "D","417610","Wenseleers, T.//Schoeters, E.//Billen, J.//Hefetz, A.","","","Morphologie et ultrastructure de la glande cloacale chez Cataglyphis niger","","","","","Actes Coll. Insectes Sociaux","","","","","","","","","","","1996","","10","","","189-194","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Cataglyphis/cloacal gland/morphology/ultrastructure/Formicidae" "D","277550","Moens, N.//Billen, J.//Jackson, B.D.//Morgan, E.D.","","","Evolution ontogénétique chimique de la glande mandibulaire de Formica sanguinea (Latr.).(Hymenoptera, Formicidae)","","","","","Actes Coll Insectes Sociaux","","","","","","","","","","","1990","","6","","","173-177","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","ant/3 isopropylpentanol/méthyl 3 isopropylpentanoate" "D","285010","Musthak Ali, T.M.//Baroni Urbani, C.//Billen, J.","","","Multiple jumping behaviors in the ant Harpegnathos saltator","","","","","Naturwissenschaften","","","","","","","","","","","1992","","79","","","374-376","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Formicidae/locomotion/jump/predatory behaviour/foraging/parasite avoidance/India/" "D","295590","Ollett, D.G.//Morgan, E.D.//Attygalle, A.B.//Billen, J.P.J.","","","The contents of the Dufour gland of the ant Harpagoxenus sublaevis Nyl. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)","","","","","Z. Naturforsch.","","","","","","","","","","","1987","","42c","","","141 - 146","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","The volatile components of the Dufour gland secretion of workers of the ant Harpagoxenus sublaevis have been analysed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Over 20 components have been identified, consisting of linear and terpenoid hydrocarbons. Each gland contains approximately 6æg of hydrocarbons with n-heptadecene (40%) and n- heptadecadiene (30%) as the major components. Two terpenoid hydrocarbons, (E)-á-farnesene and a homofarnesene isomer were also identified.","","Germany/Harpagoxenus sublaevis/Exocrine system/Biochemistry/Composition/" "D","40230","Billen, J.//Brandao, C.R.F.//Paiva, R.V.S.","","","Morphology and ultrastructure of the pygidial gland of the ant Dinoponera australis (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)","","","","","Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia","","","","","","","","","","","1995","","39","","","209-216","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Dinoponera australis/morphology/pygidial gland/ultrastructure/" "D","159130","Gobin, B.//Billen, J.","","","Spécificité de la phéromone de piste chez Crematogaster scutellaris et Crematogaster laestrygon","","","","","Actes Coll. Insectes Sociaux","","","","","","","","","","","1994","","9","","","35-39","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Formicidae/tibial gland/Crematogaster/trail pheromone/specificity" "D","39370","Billen, J.","","","Stratification des ouvrières dans le nid chez Formica sanguinea Latreille","","","","","C. R. réunion s.f. U.I.E.I.S., Toulouse","","","","","","","","","","","1981","","","","","25-28","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","AJB1","" "D","39390","Billen, J.","","","Ovariole development in workers of Formica sanguinea Latr. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)","","","","","Insectes Sociaux","","","","","","","","","","","1982","","29","","","86-94","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","AJB2","LO/OV" "D","39710","Billen, J.P.J.","","","The Dufour gland closing apparatus in Formica sanguinea Latreille (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)","","","","","Zoomorphology","","","","","","","","","","","1982","","99","","","235-244","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","AJB3","TEM/LO/DK" "D","39410","Billen, J.","","","Stratification in the nest of the slave-making ant Formica sanguinea Latreille, 1798 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)","","","","","Annls. Soc. r. zool. Belg.","","","","","","","","","","","1984","","114","","","215-225","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","AJB6","ETH/SocPar/OV" "D","39790","Billen, J.P.J.","","","Morphology of the tibial gland in the ant Crematogaster scutellaris","","","","","Naturwissenschaften","","","","","","","","","","","1984","","71","","","324-325","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","AJB","LO/TEM/TiK" "D","39430","Billen, J.","","","Comparative ultrastructure of the poison and Dufour glands in Old and New World army ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)","","","","","Actes Coll. Insectes Soc.","","","","","","","","","","","1985","","2","","","17-26","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","AJB10","TEM/DOR/ECI/ZK/DK" "D","39450","Billen, J.","","","Ultrastructure de la glande de Pavan chez Dolichoderus quadripunctatus (L.) (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)","","","","","Actes Coll. Insectes Soc.","","","","","","","","","","","1985","","2","","","87-95","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","AJB11","TEM/PK" "D","39470","Billen, J.","","","Ultrastructure of the worker ovarioles in Formica ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)","","","","","Int. J. Insect Morphol. & Embryol.","","","","","","","","","","","1985","","14","","","21-32","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","AJB12","TEM/OV" "D","39530","Billen, J.","","","Morphology and ultrastructure of the Dufour's and venom gland in the ant Myrmica rubra (L.) (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)","","","","","Int. J. Insect Morphol. & Embryol.","","","","","","","","","","","1986","","15","","","13-25","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","AJB15","LO/TEM/DK/ZK" "D","39510","Billen, J.","","","Morphology and ultrastructure of the abdominal glands in dolichoderine ants","","","","","Insectes Sociaux","","","","","","","","","","","1986","","33","","","278-295","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","AJB16","LO/TEM/Pyg/PK/DK/ZK" "D","39490","Billen, J.","","","Etude morphologique des glandes tarsales chez la guêpe Polistes annularis (L.) (Vespidae, Polistinae)","","","","","Actes Coll. Insectes Soc.","","","","","","","","","","","1986","","3","","","51-60","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","AJB17","LO/TEM/TaK" "D","39810","Billen, J.P.J.","","","Comparative morphology and ultrastructure of the Dufour gland in ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)","","","","","Entomol. Gener.","","","","","","","","","","","1986","","11","","","165-181","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","AJB18","LO/TEM" "D","40010","Billen, J.P.J.//Dumortier, K.T.M.//Velthuis, H.H.W.","","","Plasticity of honeybee castes: occurrence of tergal glands in workers","","","","","Naturwissenschaften","","","","","","","","","","","1986","","73","","","332-333","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","AJB19","LO/TEM/ETH" "D","39870","Billen, J.P.J.","","","New structural aspects of the Dufour's and venom glands in social insects","","","","","Naturwisseschaften","","","","","","","","","","","1987","","74","","","340-341","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","AJB21","LO/ETH/DK/ZK" "A","40290","Billen, J.//Leuthold, R.H.//Joye, L.","","","Salivary gland morphology related to polyethism in the termite Macrotermes bellicosus","","","Eder,J.//Rembold,H.","Eds.","Chemistry and Biology of Social Insects","","","","","","","","","München","J.Peperny Verlag","1987","","","","","415","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","AJB24","LK/LO/TEM" "A","39970","Billen, J.P.J.//Attygalle, A.B.//Morgan, E.D.//Ollett, D.G.","","","The contents of the Dufour gland of the ant Pogonomyrmex occidentalis","","","Eder,J.//Rembold,H.","Eds.","Chemistry and Biology of Social Insects","","","","","","","","","München","J.Peperny Verlag","1987","","","","","426-427","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","AJB25","GCMS/DK" "D","5130","Ali, M.F.//Attygalle, A.B.//Billen, J.P.J.//Morgan, E.D.","","","Comparison of Dufour gland secretions of two species of Leptothorax ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)","","","","","Z. Naturforsch.","","","","","","","","","","","1987","","42c","","","955-960","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","AJB27","GCMS/DK" "D","206410","Jocqué, R.//Billen, J.","","","The femoral organ of the Zodariinae (Zodariidae, Araneae)","","","","","Revue Zool. afr.","","","","","","","","","","","1987","","101","","","165-170","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","AJB29","SEM/ETH/Arachnida" "D","39570","Billen, J.","","","Comparaison entre les fourmis australiennes des genres Myrmecia et Nothomyrmecia","","","","","Actes Coll. Insectes Soc","","","","","","","","","","","1988","","4","","","27-33","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","AJB31","GCMS/ETH/DK/SBG" "D","40050","Billen, J.P.J.//Gotwald, W.H.","","","The crenellate lining of the Dufour gland in the genus Aenictus: a new character for interpreting the phylogeny of Old World army ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Dorylinae)","","","","","Zool. scr.","","","","","","","","","","","1988","","17","","","293-295","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","AJB32","TEM/DK/DOR" "D","40270","Billen, J.//Joye, L.//Leuthold, R.H.","","","Fine structure of the labial gland in Macrotermes bellicosus (Isoptera, Termitidae)","","","","","Acta Zoologica (Stockholm)","","","","","","","","","","","1989","","70","","","37-45","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","AJB39","TEM/LK" "A","39590","Billen, J.","","","A survey of the glandular system of fire ants","","","Vander Meer,R.K.//Jaffe,K.//Cedeno,A.","Eds.","Apllied Myrmecology","","","","","","","","","Boulder, Colorado","Westvieuw Press","1990","","","","","85-94","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","AJB45","LO/TEM/DK/ZK/PPK/TaK/MNK/LK" "D","307830","Peeters, C.//Billen, J.","","","A novel exocrine gland inside the thoracic appendages ('gemmae') of the queenless ant Diacamma australe","","","","","Experientia","","","","","","","","","","","1990","","46","","","229-231","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","AJB46","ETH/LO/gemma Formicidae/hymenoptera/glands/morphology/thorax/reproduction/aggressive behavior/queensland/ponerinae/exocrine signals/gemma gland/" "D","353090","Schoeters, E.//Billen, J.","","","Morphology of the venom gland in relation to worker size in leaf-cutting ants (Formicidae, Attini)","","","","","Actes Coll. Insectes Soc","","","","","","","","","","","1990","","6","","","249-252","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","AJB47","LO/ATT/ZK" "A","200170","Jackson, B.D.//Morgan, E.D.//Billen, J.P.J.","","","A note on the pygidial glands of primitive Australian ants: a new source of odorous chemicals","","","McCaffery,A.R.//Wilson,I.D.","Eds.","Chromatography and Isolation of Insect Hormones and Pheromones","","","","","","","","","New York - London","Plenu Press","1990","","","","","335-341","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","AJB49","GCMS/TK/Pyg" "D","39610","Billen, J.","","","Ultrastructural organization of the exocrine glands in ants","","","","","Ethol. Ecol. Evol.","","","","","","","","","","","1991","","1","","special issue","67-73","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","AJB52","TEM/DK/ZK/Md/MNK/TK/Pyg" "D","353110","Schoeters, E.//Billen, J.","","","Morphologie des glandes pro- et postpharyngiennes chez Atta sexdens","","","","","Actes Coll. Insectes Soc","","","","","","","","","","","1991","","7","","","153-160","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","AJB53","ProPK/PPK/LO/TEM" "D","22870","Bagnères, A.G.//Billen, J.//Morgan, E.D.","","","Volatile secretion of Dufour gland of workers of an army ant, Dorylus (Anomma) molestus","","","","","J. Chem. Ecol.","","","","","","","","","","","1991","","17","","","1633-1639","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","AJB54","GCMS/DOR/DK" "D","40310","Billen, J.//Peeters, C.","","","Fine structure of the gemma gland in the ant Diacamma australe (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)","","","","","Belg. J. Zool.","","","","","","","","","","","1991","","121","","","203-210","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","AJB55","TEM/gemma" "D","425590","Whitman, D.W.//Billen, J.P.J.//Blum, M.S.//Alsop, D.J.","","","Anatomy, ultrastructure, and functional morphology of the metathoracic tracheal defensive glands of the grasshopper Romalea guttata","","","","","Can. J. Zool.","","","","","","","","","","","1991","","69","","","2100-2108","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","AJB56","LO/TEM/ETH/TrK" "A","39630","Billen, J.","","","Origin of the trail pheromone in Ecitoninae: a behavioural and morphological study","","","Billen,J.","Ed.","Biology and Evolution of Social Insects","","","","","","","","","Leuven","Leuven University Press","1992","","","","","203-209","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","AJB59","ECI/SK/LO/TEM/ETH/TF" "A","353130","Schoeters, E.//Billen, J.","","","Morphological and ultrastructural study of the metapleural gland in Diacamma (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)","","","Billen,J.","Ed.","Biology and Evolution of Social Insects","","","","","","","","","Leuven","Leuven University Press","1992","","","","","239-247","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","AJB60","LO/TEM/SEM/MNK" "A","214110","Keegans, S.J.//Morgan, E.D.//Jackson, B.D.//Berresford, G.//Turillazzi, S.//Billen, J.","","","The chemical nature and origin of the abdominal substance of the social wasp Liostenogaster flavolineata (Vespidae, Stenogastrinae)","","","Billen,J.","Ed.","Biology and Evolution of Social Insects","","","","","","","","","Leuven","Leuven University Press","1992","","","","","217-221","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","AJB61","GCMS/ETH/DK" "D","294710","Oldham, N.J.//Morgan, E.D.//Gobin, B.//Billen, J.","","","First identification of a trail pheromone of an army ant (Aenictus species)","","","","","Experientia","","","","","","","","","","","1994","","50","","","763-765","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Formicidae/Aenictus/army ant/trail pheromone/menthyl anthranilate/methyl nicotinate/primer pheromone/releaser pheromone" "D","294650","Oldham, N.J.//Billen, J.//Morgan, E.D.","","","On the similarity of the Dufour gland secretion and the cuticular hydrocarbons of some bumblebees","","","","","Physiological Entomology","","","","","","","","","","","1994","","19","","","115-123","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hymenoptera/Apidae/Bombinae/cuticule/Dufour gland/hydrocarbons" "D","294670","Oldham, N.J.//Keegans, S.J.//Morgan, E.D.//Paiva, R.V.S.//Brandao, C.R.F.//Schoeters, E.//Billen, J.","","","Mandibular gland contents of a colony of the queenless ponerine ant Dinoponera australis","","","","","Naturwissenschaften","","","","","","","","","","","1994","","81","","","313-316","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","" "D","294730","Oldham, N.J.//Morgan, E.D.//Gobin, B.//Schoeters, E.//Billen, J.","","","Volatile secretions of old world army ant Aenictus rotundatus and chemotaxonomic implications of army ant Dufour gland chemistry","","","","","Journal of Chemical Ecology","","","","","","","","","","","1994","","20","","","3297-3305","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","Hymenoptera/Formicidae/army ants/Dorylinae/Aenictus/Dorylus/Eciton/Ecitoninae/Dufour gland/mandibular gland/postpygidial gland/ant secretions/chemotaxonomy" "D","373790","Schoeters, E.//Billen, J.","","","The post-pharyngeal gland in Dinoponera ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): unusual morphology and changes during the secretory process","","","","","Int. J. Insect Morphol. & Embryol.","","","","","","","","","","","1997","","25","","","443-447","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","" "D","373770","Schoeters, E.//Billen, J.","","","Glandes coxales de Pachycondyla obscuricornis (Formicidae, Ponerinae)","","","","","Actes Coll. Insectes Soc.","","","","","","","","","","","1993","","8","","","183-186","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","ants/Pachycondyla obscuricornis/coxal glands/morphology/ultrastructure" "D","353070","Schoeters, E.","","","Morphology of the glandular system in the leaf-cutting ants Atta sexdens sexdens L. 1758 and Atta sexdens rubropilosa Forel 1908 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)","","","","","Belg. J. Zool.","","","","","","","","","","","1990","","120 (Suppl.)","","","52-53","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","ant/Atta/sexdens/morphology/behavior/gland" "D","159170","Gobin, B.//Peeters, C.//Billen, J.","","","Dominance interactions and control of reproduction in the queenless ant Gnamptogenys sp. from Sulawesi (Ponerinae)","","","","","abstract","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","" "C","270","van Walsum, E.//Gobin, B.//Ito, F.//Billen, J.","","","Worker reproduction in the ponerine ant Odontomachus simillimus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)","","","","","Sociobiology","","","","","","","","","","","1998","","32","","3","427-440","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","0361-6525","","","The occurrence of worker reproduction in queenright and orphaned conditions was studied in the monogynous south-east Asian ponerine ant Odontomachus simillimus. Age (physiological factor), body size and number of ovarioles (morphological factors) and antagonistic interactions among workers and egg cannibalism (social factors) were measured as possible correlates of reproductive activity. In presence of the queen, the majority of the dissected workers had weakly or undeveloped ovaries. Worker egg laying was only rarely observed and these eggs were offered to and eaten by the queen. After a two week orphanage period though, half of the workers had acquired moderately developed ovaries. Three weeks later, there was a drop in ovarian development of the majority of workers, but a small portion of the workers (+/- 20%) acquired strongly developed ovaries. Observations have shown that these were also the main egg layers, so male production in the absence of the queen was performed by only a limited portion of the workers. Ovarian development of workers was not correlated with body size or number of ovarioles, but there was a clear relationship with age, the young workers being the reproductive individuals. Vigorous antennations among the egg layers and attempts to steal each other's eggs were observed and their significance as social factors regulating reproduction is discussed. Egg cannibalism occurred mostly during the first two weeks after orphanage, but its role concerning the regulation of worker reproduction is not clear.","","" "C","2170","Wenseleers, T.//Schoeters, E.//Billen, J.//Wehner, R. ","","","Distribution and comparative morphology of the cloacal gland in ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)","","","","","International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology","","","","","","","","","","","1998","","27","","2","121-128","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","0020-7322","","","The cloacal gland is a paired exocrine structure, which has so far been described only in the formicine species, Camponotus ephippium and Cataglyphis savignyi (Hymenoptera : Formicidae). The gland is formed by 2 clusters of bicellular units with slender duct cells, releasing the glandular secretion through the cloacal membrane. In the present work, a number of ant species, largely of the Formicinae subfamily, have been surveyed for the presence of a cloacal gland. The gland is present in nearly all formicines screened, albeit with a variable development. Cataglyphis, one of the genera with a very prominent cloacal gland, was chosen for a more detailed comparative study. Al the ultrastructural level, secretory cells were observed having a well-developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, typical for pheromone-producing glandular cells. The gland is also present in all dolichoderines screened, but in none of the species of the Aneuretinae, Myrmeciinae, Myrmicinae, Nothomyrmeciinae, or Pseudomyrmecinae investigated. This provides tentative evidence that the cloacal gland is a synapomorphy of the Formicinae and Dolichoderinae, giving support for their hypothesized sister group relationship. Up to now, the function of the cloacal gland remains largely enigmatic. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","","" "C","2610","Wenseleers, T.//Ito, F.//VanBorm, S.//Huybrechts, R.//Volckaert, F.//Billen, J. ","","","Widespread occurrence of the micro-organism Wolbachia in ants","","","","","Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences","","","","","","","","","","","1998","","265","","1404","1447- 1452","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","0962-8452","","","For more than 20 years, sex allocation in hymenopteran societies has been a major topic in insect sociobiology. A recurring idea was that relatedness asymmetries arising from their haplodiploid sex determination system would lead to various parent-offspring conflicts over optimal reproduction. A possible weakness of existing theory is that only interests of nuclear genes are properly accounted for. Yet, a diversity of maternally transmitted elements manipulate the reproduction of their host in many solitary arthropod groups. The bacterium Wolbachia is a striking example of such a selfish cytoplasmic element, with effects ranging from reproductive incompatibility between host strains, induction of parthenogenesis and feminization of males. This paper reports on a first PCR-based Wolbachia screening in ants. Out of 50 Indo-Australian species, 50% screened positive for an A-group strain. One of these species also harboured a B-group strain in a double infection. Various factors that might explain the unusually high incidence of Wolbachia in ants are discussed. In general, Wolbachia may represent a widespread and previously unrecognized party active in the conflicts of interest within social insect colonies.","","Wolbachia/cytoplasmic incompatibility/ants" "C","4150","Gobin, B.//Peeters, C.//Billen, J.//Morgan, E. D. ","","","Interspecific trail following and commensalism between the ponerine ant Gnamptogenys menadensis and the formicine ant Polyrhachis rufipes","","","","","Journal of Insect Behavior","","","","","","","","","","","1998","","11","","3","361-369","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","0892-7553","","","Gnamptogenys menadensis (subfamily Ponerinae) foragers use chemical trails to home to their nests. Although prey capture and retrieval are generally performed solitarily, trails seem to enhance foraging to areas rich in prey or to sugar sources, Trail laying and following are most conspicuous during nest migration. These trails are laid down by tapping the sting onto the substrate. In laboratory tests, only extracts from the Dufour's gland were readily followed. Workers of Polyrhachis rufipes (Formicinae) use the trails of G. menadensis to gain access to otherwise nonavailable sugar sources. When they encounter Gnamptogenys foragers, P. rufipes workers show, a typical aggressive antennal boxing, to which Gnamptogenys reacts with a submissive behavior. This is the first report of commensalism between a ponerine and a formicine ant.","","" "C","11340","Gobin, B.//Peeters, C.//Billen, J.","","","Colony reproduction and arboreal life in the ponerine ant Gnamptogenys menadensis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)","","","","","Netherlands Journal of Zoology","","","","","","","","","","","1998","","48","","1","53-63","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","0028-2960","","","Gnamptogenys menadensis is an Indonesian ponerine ant that is exclusively arboreal. Foragers hunt for prey and sweet secretions on the branches and leaves of shrubs and trees, but never walk on the ground. It nests in pre-existing tree cavities which are sealed with a lining of organic material. Several factors facilitate colony reproduction by fragmentation: available nest sites are plentiful, nest structure represents only a minor investment of labour, and nests cannot be enlarged, inducing nest emigration or polydomy as colonies grow in size. A mechanism of colony fragmentation is one of the preadaptations to enable the replacement of queens by worker reproductives. We found that the majority of colonies (95%) in the studied population (Sulawesi) are queenless, and reproduce through gamergates (mated workers laying reproductive eggs). Nevertheless, queens can occasionally be produced, and 5% of nests contained a single reproductive queen. Due to obligate arboreal life, alate queen production Seems to remain an infrequent strategy in addition to budding, since only independent founding queens can colonise new patches of vegetation.","","" "C","21710","Schoeters, E.//Schmidt, J.O.//Billen, J.","","","Venom gland morphology in Pepsis pallidolimbata pallidolimbata and biological use and activity of Pepsis venom","","","","","Canadian Journal of Zoology Revue Canadienne De Zoologie","","","","","","","","","","","1997","","75","","7","1014-1019","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","0008-4301","","","Spider wasps, i.e., the family Pompilidae, in general, and those belonging to the genus Pepsis in particular, are acknowledged to possess venoms that are algogenic to humans and thus have the parsimonious functions of causing paralysis and providing defense against predators. The morphological organization of the venom system and its complex convoluted gland closely resembles that in social members of the Vespidae. These features distinguish the venom glands of the Pompilidae from those of the sibling family Mutillidae as well as those of the family Sphecidae, which lack convoluted glands. Although the venom glands in Pepsis species are very similar in morphology to those of social vespids, the lethality of Pepsis venom to mammals is several times less than that of the social common wasps. These findings suggest that in terms of the evolution of venom activity and the associated glandular structures, there was apparently no need for social wasps to develop extra parts of the venom system for producing toxic, lethal, or powerful algogenic components. All of the glandular parts of the venom gland of social wasps were already present in pompilids (and eumenids) and, presumably, in their ancestors.","","" "D","446140","Schoeters, E.//Billen, J.","","","Morphology and ultrastructure of the convoluted gland in the ant Dinoponera australis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)","","","","","Int. J. Insect Morphol. & Embryol.","","","","","","","","","","","1995","","24","","","323-332","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","" "C","30940","Billen, J.//Gobin, B. ","","","Trail following in army ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)","","","","","Netherlands Journal of Zoology","","","","","","","","","","","1996","","46","","3-4","272-280","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","0028-2960","","","Army ants form impressive columns that rely on the following of trail pheromones. We could study trail following in three army ant species and locate the glandular source of the respective active pheromones. Eciton burchelli (Ecitoninae) produces very long lasting trails from a specialized glandular epithelium associated with the 7th abdominal sternite, while in Dorylus molestus (Dorylini) short-lasting trails are elaborated from the venom gland In Aenictus sp, near laeviceps (Aenictini), the secretion of the well developed postpygidial glands forms the long-lasting trail pheromone, which in this species could be chemically identified as a two-component system with methyl nicotinate (1% of gland secretion) initiating the ants to follow a trail, and methyl anthranilate (99%) causing the real trail following.","","" "C","30950","Schoeters, E.//Billen, J. ","","","The control apparatus of the venom gland in formicine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)","","","","","Netherlands Journal of Zoology","","","","","","","","","","","1996","","46","","3-4","281-289","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","0028-2960","","","A closing apparatus of the venom gland and its innervation is described for formicine ants. Several pairs of muscles occur, of which two main pairs are directly involved in opening or closing the venom duct. One pair directly attaches to the ventral part of the extremely wide venom duct, which shows a considerable cuticular thickening of its ventral cuticular lining at the point of insertion of the muscles. Semi-thin sections clearly demonstrate that these muscles attach very closely to those belonging to the closing apparatus of the adjacent Dufour gland. Innervation of the venom gland control apparatus of some worker formicine ants has been investigated in specimens vitally stained with methylene blue and dissected under a stereomicroscope, showing a rather simple innervation pattern. Both the Dufour gland and the venom gland musculature are innervated by branches of the same nerve, a characteristic that might indicate simultaneous operation of their muscles and simultaneous release of the two respective secretions produced.","","" "D","8640","Fénéron, R.//Billen, J. ","","","Ovarian cycle in Ectatomma tuberculatum workers (Formicidae, Ponerinae)","","","","","Invertebrate Reproduction and Development","","","","","","","","","","","1996","","29","","1","79-85","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","0168-8170","","","In the ponerine ant Ectatomma tuberculatum, workers display an ovariole cycle composed of nine distinct stages. Ovarian maturation depends partly on age. During the first 4 weeks of imaginal life, the ovarioles develop a succession of polytrophic follicles. They reach their maximum growth at approximately 45 days old; at about 3 months, they begin a period of regression until they are completely inactivated at the age of approximately 1 year. However, workers of exactly the same age may display up to five different stages. Such variability is not related to differences in worker size. Body size seems to affect only the number of ovarioles (and perhaps the ability to produce alimentary eggs).","","" "D","15940","Soroker, V.//Hefetz, A.//Cojocaru, M.//Billen, J.//Franke, S.//Francke, W.","","","Structural and chemical ontogeny of the postpharyngeal gland in the desert ant Cataglyphis niger","","","","","Physiological Entomology","","","","","","","","","","","1995","","20","","4","323-329","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","0307-6962","","","The postpharyngeal gland of Cataglyphis niger (Andre, 1881) workers is characterized, at the ultrastructural level, by a well-developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and numerous mitochondria and lamellar inclusions suggesting an involvement in Lipid metabolism. In addition, the microvillar differentiation of the apical membrane and basal invaginations of the cell imply a transportation process.The gland shows a clear structural as well as chemical age-dependent development. Epithelial thickness increases with age, reaching its maximum within the first week after emergence. Concurrently there is a progressive development of microvilli and appearance of the lamellar inclusions. The gland's secretion consists mainly of hydrocarbons, with a predominance of monomethyl and dimethyl alkanes. Congruency was found between the hydrocarbon composition of glandular exudates and those of the epicuticular washes. An age-dependent increase in the total amount of hydrocarbons was found to correlate with the ultrastructural development and gross morphology (thickness of epicuticular lining) of the gland.","","" "D","2320","Billen, J. ","","","In memoriam Jozef K.A. van Boven (1915-1997)","","","","","Insectes Sociaux","","","","","","","","","","","1997","","44","","3","303-304","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","0020-1812","","","","","" "C","2490","Billen, J. ","","","In memoriam Jozef K.A. Van Boven (1915-1997)","","","","","Belgian Journal of Zoology","","","","","","","","","","","1997","","127","","2","105-106","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","0777-6276","","","","","" "C","2500","Billen, J. ","","","Morphology and ultrastructure of the metatibial gland in the army ant Dorylus molestus (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)","","","","","Belgian Journal of Zoology","","","","","","","","","","","1997","","127","","2","159-166","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","0777-6276","","","","","" "Book, Whole","446010","","","","","","","Billen, J.","ed.","Biology and Evolution of Social Insects","","","","","","","","","Leuven","Leuven University Press","1992","","","","","","390 pp.","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","" "D","446020","Billen, J.//Gobin, B.//Ito, F.","","","Fine strcuture of the postpygidial gland in Aenictus army ants","","","","","Acta Zool.","","","","","","","","","","","1999","","80","","","in press","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","trail following" "D","446030","Morgan, E.D./do Nascimento, R.R.//Keegans, S.J.//Billen, J.","","","Comparative study of the mandibular gland secretion of workers of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)","","","","","J. Chem. Ecol.","","","","","","","","","","","1999","","","","","in press","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","" "D","446040","Schoeters, E.//Billen, J.","","","Les organes neurohémaux périsympathiques des fourmis et différences entre les castes femelles","","","","","Actes Coll. Insectes Soc.","","","","","","","","","","","1999","","12","","","139-142","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","" "D","446050","Schoeters, E.//Ito, F.//Miyata, H.//Billen, J.","","","Aberrant venom glands in Amblyoponini (Formicidae, Ponerinae) : morphology, ultrastructure and histochemistry","","","","","Acta Zool.","","","","","","","","","","","1999","","80","","","3-9","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","" "D","446060","Billen, J.","","","The social insect as a glandular factory","","","","","Insect Social Life","","","","","","","","","","","1998","","2","","","9-14","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","" "D","446070","Billen, J.//Gotwald, W.H.","","","In memoriam Jozef K.A. van Boven (1915-1997)","","","","","Sociobiology","","","","","","","","","","","1998","","31","","","43-145","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","" "Book, Chapter","446080","Billen, J.//Morgan, E.D.","","","Pheromone communication in social insects - sources and secretions","","In: ","Vander Meer, R.K.//Breed, M.D.//Espelie, K.E.//Winston, M.L.","Eds.","Pheromone Communication in Social Insects : Ants, Wasps, Bees, and Termites","","","","","","","","","Oxford","Westview Press, Boulder","1998","","","","","3-33","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","" "D","446090","Billen, J.//Ito, F.//Maile, R.//Morgan, E.D.","","","The mandibular gland, probably the source of the alarm substance in Leptanilla sp. (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)","","","","","Naturwissenschaften","","","","","","","","","","","1998","","85","","","596-597","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","" "D","446100","do Nascimento, R.R.//Billen, J.//Sant'ana, A.E.G.//Morgan, E.D.//Harada, A.Y.","","","Pygidial gland of Azteca nr. bicolor and Azteca chartifex : morphology and chemical identification of volatile components","","","","","Journal of Chemical Ecology","","","","","","","","","","","1998","","24","","","1629-1637","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","" "D","446110","Gobin, B.//Peeters, C.//Billen, J.","","","Production of trophic eggs by virgin workers in the ponerine ant Gnamptogenys menadensis","","","","","Physiol. Entomol.","","","","","","","","","","","1998","","23","","","329-336","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","" "D","446120","Ito, F.//Billen, J.","","","Larval hemolymph feeding and oophagy : behavior of queen and workers in the primitive ponerine ant Prionopelta kraepelini (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)","","","","","Belg. J. Zool.","","","","","","","","","","","1998","","128","","","201-209","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","" "D","446130","Schoeters, E.//Billen, J.","","","Ontogenetic study of the venom gland in formicine ants, with special reference to the pulvinate convoluted gland (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)","","","","","Zoomorphology","","","","","","","","","","","1998","","118","","","245-253","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","" "D","446150","Schoeters, E.//Billen, J.","","","Morphology and ultrastructure of a secretory region enclosed by the venom reservoir in social wasps (Hymenoptera, Vespidae)","","","","","Zoomorphology","","","","","","","","","","","1995","","115","","","63-71","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","" "D","446170","Schoeters, E.//Billen, J.","","","Nouvelles données structurales sur la glande à venin chez Atta sexdens rubropilosa et Myrmica sabuleti (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)","","","","","Actes Coll. Insectes Soc.","","","","","","","","","","","1994","","9","","","67-73","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","" "D","446180","Schoeters, E.//Billen, J.","","","The intramandibular gland, a novel exocrine structure in ants (Insecta, Hymenoptera)","","","","","Zoomorphology","","","","","","","","","","","1994","","114","","","125-131","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","" "D","446190","Billen, J.","","","Morphology and classification of the exocrine glands in ants","","","","","Ari","","","","","","","","","","","1994","","18","","","1-4","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","" "D","446200","do Nascimento, R.R.//Billen, J.//Morgan, E.D.","","","The exocrine secretions of the jumping ant Harpegnathos saltator","","","","","Comp. Biochem. Physiol.","","","","","","","","","","","1993","","104B","","","505-508","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","" "D","446210","do Nascimento, R.R.//Morgan, E.D.//Billen, J.//Schoeters, E.//Della Lucia, T.M.C.//Bento, J.M.S.","","","Variation with caste of the mandibular gland secretion in the leaf-cutting ant Atta sexdens rubropilosa","","","","","J. Chem. Ecol.","","","","","","","","","","","1993","","19","","","907-918","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""